[生物科技] ä¸ç ”é™¢ç ”ç©¶å“¡æ出新ç†è«– 解釋生物多形ç¾è±¡åŠåŒåŸŸç‰©ç¨®å½¢æˆ
世界上的生物æ“有變化è¬åƒçš„多樣性é¢è²Œï¼Œå³ä½¿åŒç¨®ç”Ÿç‰©å¤–形上也有多樣變化,如åŒäººé¡žè¡€åž‹æœ‰Oåž‹ã€Aåž‹ã€Båž‹å’ŒAB型,å°æ¨¹æž—è¸ç‰›(Grove snail,å¸å Cepaea Nemoralist)也有è¤ã€é»ƒã€ç²‰ç´…ç‰ä¸åŒé¡è‰²ã€‚å°ç”Ÿç‰©å¸å®¶ä¾†èªªï¼Œé€™ç¨®å¤šå½¢ç¾è±¡ï¼ˆpolymorphism)ä¸åƒ…有趣,更具有生物演化的é‡è¦å¸è¡“æ„æ¶µã€‚å› ç‚ºé€™äº›å‘ˆç¾å¤šå½¢çš„生物å¯èƒ½æœ‰ç›¸åŒåŸºå› é«”(如雌雄鱷éšåŸºå› 體相åŒ);也å¯èƒ½æœ‰ä¸åŒçš„åŸºå› é«”(å¦‚é›Œé›„å“ºä¹³é¡žå‹•ç‰©åŸºå› é«”ä¸åŒ)。這些都與物種為求é©æ‡‰ç’°å¢ƒï¼Œè©¦åœ–å˜æ´»ä¸‹åŽ»ï¼Œæ¯æ¯ç›¸é—œã€‚
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ä¸ç ”院物ç†æ‰€èƒ¡é€²éŒ•æ•™æŽˆèˆ‡äºžç¾Žå°¼äºžè‘‰é‡Œæº«ç‰©ç†ç ”究所的 Armen Allahvendyan 教授,2人共åŒæ–¼2009å¹´2月6æ—¥åœ¨é ‚å°–ç‰©ç†å¸å°ˆæ¥æœŸåˆŠã€Œ
物ç†è©•è«–通訊(Physical Review Letters 102,058102) ã€ç™¼è¡¨ä¸€ç¯‡è«–文,指出隨時間精細週期變化的環境(fine-grained time-periodic environment)有å¯èƒ½è®“原來居於劣勢的物種型態(morph)å˜æ´»ä¸‹ä¾†ï¼Œè€Œé€ æˆå¤šå½¢ç¾è±¡ï¼Œé€™æœ‰åˆ©æ–¼è©²ç‰©ç¨®çš„ç¹è¡ã€‚本ç†è«–èˆ‡ä¸€é …å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©æ—群的實驗çµæžœç›¸ç¬¦ã€‚
ä¸ç ”院物ç†æ‰€èƒ¡é€²éŒ•æ•™æŽˆèˆ‡äºžç¾Žå°¼äºžè‘‰é‡Œæº«ç‰©ç†ç ”究所的 Armen Allahvendyan 教授,2人共åŒæ–¼2009å¹´2月6æ—¥åœ¨é ‚å°–ç‰©ç†å¸å°ˆæ¥æœŸåˆŠã€Š
物ç†è©•è«–通訊(Physical Review Letters 102,058102) 》發表一篇論文,指出隨時間精細週期變化的環境(fine-grained time-periodic environment)有å¯èƒ½è®“原來居於劣勢的物種型態(morph)å˜æ´»ä¸‹ä¾†ï¼Œè€Œé€ æˆå¤šå½¢ç¾è±¡ï¼Œé€™æœ‰åˆ©æ–¼è©²ç‰©ç¨®çš„ç¹è¡ã€‚本ç†è«–èˆ‡ä¸€é …å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©æ—群的實驗çµæžœç›¸ç¬¦ã€‚
èƒ¡é€²éŒ•ç ”ç©¶å“¡è§£é‡‹ï¼Œéš¨æ™‚é–“ç²¾ç´°é€±æœŸè®ŠåŒ–çš„ç’°å¢ƒæ˜¯æŒ‡åœ¨ä¸€ç”Ÿç‰©é«”çš„ç”Ÿå‘½æœŸä¸ï¼Œç’°å¢ƒå·²æœ‰æ•¸å€‹é€±æœŸçš„變化。例如,å°æ¨¹æž—è¸ç‰›ç”Ÿå‘½æœŸç´„7至8年,它在生命期ä¸ç¶“æ·7 至8次四å£çš„è®ŠåŒ–ï¼Œå› æ¤å®ƒå¯æ„Ÿå—åˆ°ç²¾ç´°é€±æœŸè®ŠåŒ–çš„ç’°å¢ƒã€‚èƒ¡é€²éŒ•ç ”ç©¶å“¡èˆ‡ Armen Allahvendyan 教授應用演化åšå¼ˆç†è«–(evolutionary game theory)和 Kapiza 法(P.L. Kapiza 1894~1984,得1978年諾è²çˆ¾ç‰©ç†çŽ) ç ”ç©¶å„種形態生物總數隨時間變化的ç¾è±¡è€Œç²å¾—å…ˆå‰æ‰€èªªçš„çµè«–。
他們åŒæ™‚也應用æ¤ç†è«–,來探討å¸è¡“界目å‰ä»ç†±çƒˆçˆè¾¯çš„「åŒåŸŸç‰©ç¨®å½¢æˆã€ (sympatric speciation) 機制。所謂「åŒåŸŸç‰©ç¨®å½¢æˆã€ï¼Œä¿‚指在單一æ—群(a single population)ä¸å¼•ç™¼çš„物種(species)å½¢æˆï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸€ç¨®è¼ƒæ–°å…·æŒ‘戰性的看法;而å¦ä¸€ç¨®ã€Œç•°åŸŸç‰©ç¨®å½¢æˆã€ï¼ˆallopatric speciation)則較為å¸è¡“界普é接å—ã€‚æ‰€ä»¥ï¼Œèƒ¡é€²éŒ•ç ”ç©¶åœ˜éšŠèªç‚ºï¼Œéš¨æ™‚間精細週期變化的環境,å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ã€ŒåŒåŸŸç‰©ç¨®å½¢æˆã€çš„先決æ¢ä»¶ã€‚隨時間精細週期變化的環境,使得åŒä¸€ç‰©ç¨®(species)先形æˆä¸åŒçš„多樣型態(morph),這些多樣型態(morph)å†æ¼”化為ä¸åŒçš„物種(species)。
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http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000102000005058102000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
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胡進錕åšå£«ï¼Œä¸å¤®ç ”究院物ç†ç ”ç©¶æ‰€ç ”ç©¶å“¡ï¼Œ(Tel)886-2-2789-6720
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資料來æºï¼š
ä¸ç ”é™¢è¨Šæ¯ 2009/02/17
[Biology] Researchers from Taiwan Academica Sinica and Armenia Propose New Theory of Polymorphism and Sympatric Speciation
On 6 February, 2009, Dr. Armen Allahverdyan of the Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia and Dr. Chin-Kun Hu of the Institute of Physics published a new theory of polymorphism and sympatric speciation in a leading international physics journal,
Physical Review Letters. The article explored a new mechanism of polymorphism related to the influence of a fast, time-dependent (fine-grained) environment.
Polymorphism is the term used for two or more clearly different types of phenotype (morphs) that exist in one interbreeding population. One of the most well-known and vivid examples of polymorphism are the human ABO blood groups. Humans with four different blood groups – A, B, AB and O live in one population. The origin of this environmentally-driven polymorphism is related to periodically appearing epidemics of cholera. In normal (cholera-free) periods the O group has a physiological advantage over all other groups, but the other three groups, especially the AB group, are more resistant to cholera.
In the context of the current theory 'fast' means that the environment can change many times during an individual's life-time. For example a Grove snail (Cepaea Nemoralist) which lives 7-8 years can experience many seasonal changes. Up until now such a fine-grained environment was not viewed as a potential source of polymorphism, as according to generally accepted common-sense among biologists, individuals exist in an average, static environment, and thus adapt to it. Up until now time-dependence was not considered. However, Allahverdyan and Hu discovered that under certain conditions, weak morphs (i.e., certain groups within the population) can compete and survive in the struggle with strong morphs, since they adjust more flexibly to their time-varying environment, thereby creating a polymorphic state. Moreover, the researchers show that overall fitness during the establishment of this polymorphism can decrease. Paradoxical as it seems, this result agrees with recent experiments on microbial populations subject to a fine-grained environment.
The researchers applied their results to sympatric speciation, a well known – but until recently controversial – mechanism of species formation, where in contrast to the allopatric scenario the speciation is induced inside one interbreeding population of a species. They argue that a fine-grained environment can be a prerequisite for the phenomenon of sympatric speciation.
The research was published in Physical Review Letters 102, 058102 (2009) available at:
http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000102000005058102000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Media contacts:
Dr. Chin-Kun Hu, Research Fellow of Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica (Tel) 886-2-27896720
Mei-Hui Lin, Public Relations Office, Central Office of Administration, Academia Sinica
(Tel) 886-2-2789-8821, (Fax) 886-2-2782-1551, (M) 0921-845-234 mhlin313@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Reference:
Academia Sinica News 2009/02/17 (in English)