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<b>Stairway to Nirvāṇa: A Structural Analysis of the Twenty <i>Saṃghas</i></b>
<b>「通往涅槃的階梯：二十僧的結構分析」專題演講</b>
◆ <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dFVmOHAwNlA4ODl3a2k0UmpjR3loTkE6MQ" target="_blank">線上報名 Online Registration</a>

<b>Prof. James B. Apple</b>
Department of Religious Studies, University of Calgary
<a href="http://rels.ucalgary.ca/profiles/james-apple" target="_blank">Prof. Apple's webpage</a>

時間：2012年 5月 28日（一）下午3 - 5 時
地點：政治大學山下校區 研究大樓一樓 哲學基礎研究室
地點：政治大學山上校區 百年樓二樓 宗教所會議室（330211）


<b>Abstract 演講摘要：</b>

「二十僧」在傳統西藏佛教研究中是一個最有發展性的主題之一。「僧伽」（Saṃgha）是普遍為佛教徒所尊崇的三寶之一，構成體現佛陀聖教之聖者的理想團體。二十僧列舉了修行者必須歷經之所有可能的階位，這些階位由於修行者在宇宙中所處的位置、其根器、其禪定修習與智慧之程度之不同而有差異。本演講主要根據14世紀西藏學者宗喀巴對於「僧」提出的詮釋，嘗試概述「二十僧」這個論題在西藏佛教文化中之重要性，並且分析「二十僧」的結構。

The Twenty Varieties of the <i>Saṃgha</i> (Tib. <i>dge ’dun nyi shu</i>) is one of the most formative subjects in traditional Tibetan Buddhist studies. The <i>Saṃgha</i> is one of the Three Jewels (<i>‘Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha’</i>) universally revered by all Buddhists and is comprised of the ideal community of Noble Persons who embody the Buddha’s teachings. The Twenty <i>Saṃghas</i> enumerates all the <i>possible</i> stages through which any given individual might pass, depending upon factors such as that individual’s cosmological circumstances, the acuity of his or her faculties, and the individual’s degree of meditative cultivation and cognitive insight. This presentation centers on the interpretation of the <i>Saṃgha</i> given by the 14th century Tibetan scholar Tsong-kha-pa blo-bzang grags-pa. The presentation provides an overview of the importance of the Twenty <i>Saṃghas</i> in Tibetan Buddhist culture and a structural analysis of the topic’s overall content.


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Stairway to Nirvāṇa: A Structural Analysis of the Twenty Saṃghas
「通往涅槃的階梯：二十僧的結構分析」專題演講
◆ 線上報名 Online Registration

Prof. James B. Apple
Department of Religious Studies, University of Calgary
Prof. Apple's webpage

時間：2012年 5月 28日（一）下午3 - 5 時
地點：政治大學山下校區 研究大樓一樓 哲學基礎研究室
地點：政治大學山上校區 百年樓二樓 宗教所會議室（330211）


Abstract 演講摘要：

「二十僧」在傳統西藏佛教研究中是一個最有發展性的主題之一。「僧伽」（Saṃgha）是普遍為佛教徒所尊崇的三寶之一，構成體現佛陀聖教之聖者的理想團體。二十僧列舉了修行者必須歷經之所有可能的階位，這些階位由於修行者在宇宙中所處的位置、其根器、其禪定修習與智慧之程度之不同而有差異。本演講主要根據14世紀西藏學者宗喀巴對於「僧」提出的詮釋，嘗試概述「二十僧」這個論題在西藏佛教文化中之重要性，並且分析「二十僧」的結構。

The Twenty Varieties of the Saṃgha (Tib. dge ’dun nyi shu) is one of the most formative subjects in traditional Tibetan Buddhist studies. The Saṃgha is one of the Three Jewels (‘Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha’) universally revered by all Buddhists and is comprised of the ideal community of Noble Persons who embody the Buddha’s teachings. The Twenty Saṃghas enumerates all the possible stages through which any given individual might pass, depending upon factors such as that individual’s cosmological circumstances, the acuity of his or her faculties, and the individual’s degree of meditative cultivation and cognitive insight. This presentation centers on the interpretation of the Saṃgha given by the 14th century Tibetan scholar Tsong-kha-pa blo-bzang grags-pa. The presentation provides an overview of the importance of the Twenty Saṃghas in Tibetan Buddhist culture and a structural analysis of the topic’s overall content.

Stairway to Nirvāṇa: A Structural Analysis of the Twenty Saṃghas
「通往涅槃的階梯：二十僧的結構分析」專題演講
◆ 線上報名 Online Registration

Prof. James B. Apple
Department of Religious Studies, University of Calgary
Prof. Apple's webpage

時間：2012年 5月 28日（一）下午3 - 5 時
地點：政治大學山下校區 研究大樓一樓 哲學基礎研究室
地點：政治大學山上校區 百年樓二樓 宗教所會議室（330211）


Abstract 演講摘要：

「二十僧」在傳統西藏佛教研究中是一個最有發展性的主題之一。「僧伽」（Saṃgha）是普遍為佛教徒所尊崇的三寶之一，構成體現佛陀聖教之聖者的理想團體。二十僧列舉了修行者必須歷經之所有可能的階位，這些階位由於修行者在宇宙中所處的位置、其根器、其禪定修習與智慧之程度之不同而有差異。本演講主要根據14世紀西藏學者宗喀巴對於「僧」提出的詮釋，嘗試概述「二十僧」這個論題在西藏佛教文化中之重要性，並且分析「二十僧」的結構。

The Twenty Varieties of the Saṃgha (Tib. dge ’dun nyi shu) is one of the most formative subjects in traditional Tibetan Buddhist studies. The Saṃgha is one of the Three Jewels (‘Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha’) universally revered by all Buddhists and is comprised of the ideal community of Noble Persons who embody the Buddha’s teachings. The Twenty Saṃghas enumerates all the possible stages through which any given individual might pass, depending upon factors such as that individual’s cosmological circumstances, the acuity of his or her faculties, and the individual’s degree of meditative cultivation and cognitive insight. This presentation centers on the interpretation of the Saṃgha given by the 14th century Tibetan scholar Tsong-kha-pa blo-bzang grags-pa. The presentation provides an overview of the importance of the Twenty Saṃghas in Tibetan Buddhist culture and a structural analysis of the topic’s overall content.

Stairway to Nirvāṇa: A Structural Analysis of the Twenty Saṃghas
「通往涅槃的階梯：二十僧的結構分析」專題演講
◆ 線上報名 Online Registration

Prof. James B. Apple
Department of Religious Studies, University of Calgary
Prof. Apple's webpage

時間：2012年 5月 28日（一）下午3 - 5 時
地點：政治大學山下校區 研究大樓一樓 哲學基礎研究室
地點：政治大學山上校區 百年樓二樓 宗教所會議室（330211）


Abstract 演講摘要：

「二十僧」在傳統西藏佛教研究中是一個最有發展性的主題之一。「僧伽」（Saṃgha）是普遍為佛教徒所尊崇的三寶之一，構成體現佛陀聖教之聖者的理想團體。二十僧列舉了修行者必須歷經之所有可能的階位，這些階位由於修行者在宇宙中所處的位置、其根器、其禪定修習與智慧之程度之不同而有差異。本演講主要根據14世紀西藏學者宗喀巴對於「僧」提出的詮釋，嘗試概述「二十僧」這個論題在西藏佛教文化中之重要性，並且分析「二十僧」的結構。

The Twenty Varieties of the Saṃgha (Tib. dge ’dun nyi shu) is one of the most formative subjects in traditional Tibetan Buddhist studies. The Saṃgha is one of the Three Jewels (‘Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha’) universally revered by all Buddhists and is comprised of the ideal community of Noble Persons who embody the Buddha’s teachings. The Twenty Saṃghas enumerates all the possible stages through which any given individual might pass, depending upon factors such as that individual’s cosmological circumstances, the acuity of his or her faculties, and the individual’s degree of meditative cultivation and cognitive insight. This presentation centers on the interpretation of the Saṃgha given by the 14th century Tibetan scholar Tsong-kha-pa blo-bzang grags-pa. The presentation provides an overview of the importance of the Twenty Saṃghas in Tibetan Buddhist culture and a structural analysis of the topic’s overall content.